A series of natural phenomena have combined off the Virginia coast to create some of the richest marine waters in the world. The bounty of these waters is readily apparent to recreational fishermen who pursue a seemingly endless variety of finfish species.

The Chesapeake Bay and its four great tidal rivers join to form the largest and most productive estuarine complex in North America. They supply a vast amount of nutrients into coastal waters and provide a huge spawning and nursery area for many species of fish.

The warm waters of the Gulf Stream flow north along the East Coast until they collide with the cool, plankton-rich waters of the Labrador Current flowing south. The intermixing of these currents occurs near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and in adjacent waters. This puts the southern coast of Virginia in the dynamic area where the Mid-Atlantic Bight and South Atlantic Bight are joined, and brings a huge mix of finfish species into local waters. In fact, Virginia is the southernmost range of real abundance for many temperate species of fish and the northern range of abundance for many subtropical species.

The large peninsula which forms the Eastern Shore of Virginia is flanked by a chain of uninhabited and unspoiled barrier islands. These islands protect a rich complex of marshes, bays and sounds which provide a haven for a variety of marine life.

The main portion of the Chesapeake Bay follows the ancient bed of the Susquehanna River. Dramatic forces during the Ice Age transformed the southern portion of this river into the vast estuarine complex that today is the Chesapeake Bay.

The Chesapeake Bay is the place where several of the great rivers in the eastern United States meet the ocean. The waters are variably salty and fresh, often changing based upon short term weather phenomena, long term weather or climatic patterns, tides and location.

Forces with seemingly little connection to the Chesapeake Bay can have major impacts on salinity levels. For example, heavy rains in western Virginia mountains may create flash floods which can send pulses of freshwater down major rivers. These pulses are called "freshets" as they reach the brackish waters of the rivers near the Chesapeake Bay, and these sudden changes in salinity can have pronounced impacts upon marine life.

Changing salinity levels are not the only dynamic forces impacting the Bay environment. Water temperatures vary dramatically on an annual basis. Winter often produces skim ice and even harder freezes on the lower Bay tributary rivers, and several times in this century portions of the main stem of the Chesapeake Bay have been covered with ice. Summertime surface water temperatures in shallow bays may approach 90 degrees. Sudden changes in temperature, which may occur during extended cold snaps in the fall or early winter, can cause water temperatures to drop dramatically resulting in severe stress to fish and other marine life.

Even events outside of the Bay can impact its water temperature regimen. Heavy snowfall early in the fall in the Blue Ridge mountains can result in a drastic lowering of the water temperatures in the tributary rivers running to the Bay. As these rivers feed into the Bay, the water temperature can be lowered rapidly with often severe impacts on marine life.

For these reasons, the marine life found in the Chesapeake Bay is among the hardiest and most adaptable found anywhere in the world.

While life in these dynamic surroundings is not easy, estuarine environments are extraordinary in their richness and diversity of life. Most of the commercially and recreationally important finfish species of Virginia spend a portion of their life in an estuarine environment.

Estuarine communities begin with intertidal salt marshes. These low areas, characterized by muddy tidal flats, spartina grasses, and small creeks, are nature's "buffer" zones. They provide filtering areas that trap nutrients and, in recent years, pollutants, preventing them from overburdening the tidal rivers and bays. The tidal marshes are teeming with life from the everpresent snails, fiddler crabs and worms to shrimps, "fundulus" minnows, blue crabs and juvenile fish.

Unfortunately, intertidal salt marshes and wetlands have been disappearing in modern times due to the increasing pressure to develop waterfront properties caused by the desire of more people to live near the coast. While this trend continues, the rate at which marshes and wetlands have been declining is slowing, as regulations have focused efforts on environmentally "friendly" development which provides protection for these critical and sensitive areas. Continued protection of tidal marshes and wetlands is a key component in maintaining the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay and preserving much of the marine life in the Bay.

Seagrass, mainly eelgrass, thrives in shallow waters, often growing best in waters that are somewhat protected from excessive wave and current movements. Seagrass provides protection for many small fish and molting blue crabs, making this habitat attractive for numerous game fish.

In addition, seagrass beds serve a filtering role, helping sediments to trickle to the bottom which produces better water clarity. Seagrass beds dissipate wave energy, which helps to reduce shoreline erosion and improves water clarity. Ironically, many scientists believe excessive runoffs, a form of non-point source pollution which causes increased water turbidity, was responsible for killing many seagrass beds in the Chesapeake Bay during the 1970's. This may have been exacerbated by the huge impact of the torrential rains and massive floods associated with Hurricane Agnes in 1972. So, while seagrasses are important in preserving and improving water quality, it may have been poor water quality which killed massive seagrass beds 20 years ago.

During the last ten years, however, the Chesapeake Bay clean-up initiatives have focused on controlling agricultural and urban runoff, and seagrass beds are making comebacks. In many ways the health of seagrass beds may be a good measure of the health of the Bay, since seagrasses require good water quality, low in suspended sedimentary runoff, nutrients, pollutants and phytoplankton, to thrive.

Oyster rocks and bars are the major types of natural "reef communities" in the Chesapeake Bay. A host of small invertebrates are attracted to the oyster rocks and contribute to the "food chain". In turn, these live bottom areas attract a host of small finfish, which are sought out by even larger game fish.

Oysters are filter feeders, straining small plankton and nutrients from the water column, which is an important component of maintaining the Chesapeake Bay's water quality. At the start of the 20th century oyster rocks rising ten feet off the bottom were not uncommon. Oysters were so numerous they were thought to be able to filter an amount of water equivalent in volume to the entire Chesapeake Bay in less than a week. Disease, pollution and overharvesting have reduced oyster populations to a fraction of that level, and today's population of oysters would take nearly a year to filter the water volume of the Chesapeake Bay. Rebuilding the oyster population is a major priority of fishery managers in Virginia.

The Chesapeake Bay offers a tremendous variety of recreational fishing opportunities, but no fish is more symbolic of the Bay than the striped bass.

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest spawning and nursery area for striped bass on the East Coast. As much as 80% of the coastwide migratory population is thought to be native to the Bay.

Striped bass, like shad and herring, are anadromous; this means they spend the majority of their lives in saltwater but return to freshwater rivers to spawn. They can be caught in virtually every portion of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributary rivers. In addition, stripers can be found at some place in the Bay every day of the year. The resurgence of striped bass populations in recent years from the population collapse in the 1970's, which nearly culminated in their listing as a threatened species, is one of the spectacular success stories of modern fisheries management.

Striped bass provide just one of several opportunities for small boat fishermen to do battle with adversaries which may weigh 50 pounds or more. In addition, the Bay offers seasonal runs of cobia, red drum and black drum. Red drum and black drum appear in Bay waters in mid-April, while cobia usually appear on the Memorial Day weekend.

The reappearance of seagrass beds in several locations in the Bay may be the reason speckled trout populations have grown in recent years. Since the late 1980's, speckled trout populations have been increasing, and the favorite haunts of this popular game fish are shallow water flats with abundant seagrass beds.

The Chesapeake Bay is a summertime home for many species of "panfish". Summer flounder, croaker, spot, and small gray trout are the favorite targets for many anglers bouncing baits along the bottom. Small bluefish and spanish mackerel can be taken by a variety of methods using artificial lures and bait, and in recent years anglers have started to learn the methods which are productive for catching the visiting populations of spadefish and sheepshead.

Tautog can be found over wrecks and obstructions in the lower Chesapeake Bay all year but are most active when the water is cool. They remain active throughout the winter, as long as water temperatures remain in the low 40's, or higher.

The coastal waters off Virginia are a part of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, which begins at Cape Hatteras, NC and extends well into New England. The waters in this area are classified as temperate, which means they enjoy a moderate temperature regimen, neither hot nor cold. This does not necessarily mean the waters are always hospitable for marine fish, however, since temperate waters are marked with a wide variance of water temperatures during the course of a year.

The surface water temperature off the Virginia coast, as measured at the Chesapeake Light Tower during the thirty year period of 1961-1990 showed an annual temperature range of approximately 45 degrees. In the winter, the water temperature often fell to 36 degrees and often reached 81 degrees in the middle of the summer. During that 30 year period the temperature extremes recorded were 33 degrees for a low and 83 degrees for the high --- a range of 50 degrees.

The impacts of such a wide temperature range on fish are profound. Temperatures at the warm and cold extremes of the range are not suitable for many species. The result is a transient population of marine fish in the coastal zone, with most species of fish migrating into and out of the area seasonally, depending upon their preference for warm or cool water. Those species which remain in waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight year round may move to deeper waters to winter, where they often exhibit sluggish behavior characterized by reduced feeding activity.

Other forms of marine life also are impacted by the wide annual variance in water temperature. Plankton thrives in the late spring, summer and early fall, but is conspicuously absent in the winter months. The result is a breakdown in the food chain, resulting in fewer available food supplies for fish that do not migrate.

The relatively flat, featureless sand bottom that lies under the surface of most coastal waters off Virginia is not the type of environment preferred by most fish. Natural "live bottom" areas, such as the coral reefs often found in southern waters and rock outcroppings of northern waters, are few in this region.

The natural structures in coastal waters which are attractive to fish are underwater hills and lumps, such as the Southeast Lumps, the 26 Mile Hill and the Cigar. However, the most preferred bottom structures in local waters may have been produced by man. The coastal bottom is littered with the sunken hulks of vessels torpedoed by the German Navy's U-boats during World War II, and an active artificial reef program continues to sink habitat for fish. These artificial reefs harbor fish year round, including the best fishing for tautog and sea bass on the East Coast.

The coastal zone might best be described as a giant migratory corridor, which is a function it performs for a tremendously diverse mix of finfish species. For the most part, fishermen are attempting to intercept these interlopers as they head toward their ultimate destinations.

The coastal waters from Cape Hatteras to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay are where the Mid-Atlantic Bight joins the South Atlantic Bight, and fish indigenous to both areas mingle seasonally. The warm Gulf Stream current mixes with the cold Labrador Current over the edge of the Continental Shelf, and many species ride these waters into this "mixing bowl". This is why anglers in this area are provided with a myriad of fishing opportunities.

Some of the warm water species migrating to coastal waters during the summer months include amberjack, cobia, king mackerel, spanish mackerel, crevalle jack, spadefish, and even a few tarpon and barracuda. Species which move to northern waters during the heat of the summer, but are present in the spring and the fall include striped bass, bluefish, bluefin tuna, atlantic bonito, and little tunny.

The surf zone and near shore waters host a variety of feisty, and tasty, game fish, including flounder, bluefish, speckled trout, gray trout, red drum, spanish mackerel, striped bass, kingfish (roundheads), croaker, spot, and pompano. Many of these species are most abundant in the late spring or the early fall as they are migrating to their summer and winter haunts. A particularly good time to find large numbers of fish moving through near shore waters is after cold fronts and storms in the early fall, which sparks the urge for many species to school and begin their migrations south.

The western edge of the Gulf Stream current brings warm, tropical waters into the mid-Atlantic region. The Gulf Stream comes closest to the coast of the United States off southern Florida, but the eastward protrusion of Cape Hatteras into the Atlantic causes the Gulf Stream to pass within 25 - 30 miles of the coast at this point. The warm current then begins to veer to the northeast as it meets with the Labrador Current. The western edge passes off the Virginia coast along the edge of the 100 Fathom Curve, which is 60 - 70 miles offshore.

These indigo blue waters are incredibly rich with life, from the blooms of small plankton and invertebrates often associated with lines of drifting Sargassum weed to magnificent blue marlin.

The ocean bottom in the area of the 100 Fathom Curve provides the best natural structure in ocean waters off the Virginia coast. Here, the Continental Shelf ends and water depths plummet. Sheer rock walls, rock outcropppings and mounds abound on the bottom. In the space of a few miles, water depths tumble from 100 fathoms to over 2000 fathoms. The Norfolk and Washington Canyons are two areas where deep waters intrude well into the Continental Shelf.

The sharply changing terrain of the bottom causes subsurface currents to veer toward the surface, creating "upwellings" of cooler water which push nutrients to the surface. Swirling eddies of warm water break off the Gulf Stream and often head west onto the Continental Shelf. Cool water eddies also invade shelf waters from the southern moving Labrador Current. These types of actions cause sharp water temperature changes to occur at the surface and bring nutrients into areas, which attract other marine life including game fish.

Many anglers believe the Gulf Stream waters harbor the most magnificent game fish found anywhere in the world. For a combination of power, speed and "grayhounding" jumps, no fish in the ocean can match the magnificent blue marlin. Reaching sizes in excess of 1000 pounds, the blue marlin is considered the ultimate test of angling skill and sheer endurance. Its smaller cousin, the white marlin, is the most acrobatic of the billfish and can be particularly tough for anglers to hook. Both species are readily available off the Virginia coast, and in the late summer and early fall some of the best fishing for white marlin in the world occurs off Virginia.

Three additional members of the billfish family are regularly encountered off the Virginia coast, although none can be considered abundant. Sailfish and spearfish regularly surprise anglers trolling for their larger and more abundant cousins, and anglers fishing in the offshore canyons at night during the latter part of the summer have the chance to hook a swordfish.

The wahoo has the reputation as the fastest game fish in the ocean, and the dolphin, with its dazzling blue, green and yellow coloration, is among the most beautiful. Both are plentiful off the Virginia coast, particularly around floating structure such as boards, pallets and other "flotsam", and around concentrations or "lines" of Sargassum weed.

The tunas are well represented in Gulf Stream waters, with yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna the most abundant and most sought after by local charterboat fleets. Schools of albacore, blackfin tuna and skipjack tuna also are occasionally encountered.

The area on the fringes of the Gulf Stream, which is teeming with life, is a prime location to find the ocean's top predator --- the shark. Great hammerhead sharks often can be seen swimming near the surface in the ocean canyons, but seldom attack a trolled bait. Blue sharks are most numerous in offshore waters, but the mako shark is the predator most prized by recreational fishermen. The mako is noted for its blistering speed, twisting jumps, and quality on the dinner table. The spring and early summer is the time to find mako sharks off the Virginia coast, since they prefer cooler waters and often follow schools of bluefish and tuna on their northern migrations.

Virginia's Eastern Shore, a peninsula which begins at the border between Virginia and Maryland and extends to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, is flanked on the east by a stretch of uninhabited barrier islands. Between the barrier islands and the mainland is a network of shallow bays, channels, and saltwater marshlands, which are among the richest and most productive remaining on the Atlantic coast. This barrier island complex, which includes more than 70 miles of coastline, is the longest stretch of natural beach remaining on the East Coast.

The barrier islands are narrow strips of sand which are frequently overwashed by high tides and storms. The winds and surging waters associated with coastal storms are constantly reshaping the islands. New inlets form as old ones close, marshes are covered as portions of the island move to the west, and the shape of the beach changes as new points, sloughs and sandbars are formed. The dynamic nature of these islands is the primary reason permanent settlement by man is impractical, and why these islands remain in a natural state.

The islands provide the mainland with protection from the devastating impacts of coastal storms, particularly northeasters and hurricanes. The primary energy of the tides and waves is absorbed by the islands, buffering the mainland from the severest forces of erosion.

The islands are a nesting sanctuary for at least 23 species of colonial nesting birds, including the extremely rare piping plover. They also provide resting and feeding areas for many other species of migratory shorebirds, songbirds, raptors, and waterfowl.

The marshlands behind the barrier islands function in the same manner as the marshes of the Chesapeake Bay. They provide a "buffer" zone for run-offs coming from the mainland. Sediments, nutrients and pollutants are trapped in the marshes, and organic material is slowly released into the water. This provides an indispensable source of nutrients to this estuarine system, while maintaining water quality by preventing too many nutrients, sediments or pollutants from entering the system at one time.

The nutrients provide a source of food for a variety of marine life, including juvenile fish and shellfish and make this area a major nursery ground for several species of fish. The richness of the waters also attracts a variety of game fish.

However, even the seaside bays and marshes, in their relatively undisturbed condition with some of the best water quality remaining on the Atlantic coast, have not escaped the infirmities which have affected most coastal areas. Run-off from the mainland occasionally enters the seaside marshes in quantities that overburden the system with sediment and contaminents. Submerged seagrass beds, which were abundant in many seaside waters at the start of the twentieth century, disappeared in the 1930's and have shown no sign of returning. Oysters and oyster rocks provided natural "reef communities" in many places along the seaside in years past, but only a fraction of the oyster population remains today.

The summer flounder is the undisputed king of the Eastern Shore's Seaside for recreational fishermen. They are abundant from April through September in virtually every inlet, bay and channel behind the barrier islands.

Seaside waters also harbor good populations of gray trout (weakfish), black drum, red drum, bluefish, croaker, spot, kingfish (roundheads), and spanish mackerel. The only viable recreational fishery for tarpon in Virginia occurs in the "back country" marshes of the southern portion of the seaside.

The relatively protected waters behind the barrier islands make this an ideal place for anglers with small boats to fish. Access is easy with most seaside communities providing excellent launching facilities.

Surf fishing can be superb on the barrier island beaches, highlighted by the fall fishery for big red drum. Bluefish, striped bass, gray trout, flounder, kingfish, croaker, and spot roam the beaches seasonally.

Assateague Island, the northernmost barrier island, is a part of the National Seashore system operated by the National Park Service. A causeway provides access for surf fishermen, who can park at numerous areas along a road which runs behind the oceanfront dunes. Four-wheel-drive vehicles are allowed to drive on designated portions of the beach at certain times of the year. Information about usage of the beach may be obtained from Assateague Island National Seashore, P.O. Box 38, Chincoteague, VA 23336, (757) 336-6577.

Most of the remainder of the barrier islands and some of the marshland is owned by the Nature Conservancy, which insures these areas will be protected in their natural state. The only access available to these islands is by boat from the mainland, then a walk down the beach to a favorable spot for surf fishing.

The protection and conservation of marine resources has never been more important than it is today. The populations of many popular fish species have been stressed, and in many cases the causes and solutions are complex. Saltwater recreational fishermen are a part of the process which impacts marine resources. Every time we head out on the water to enjoy a day of fishing, we affect the marine environment.

Understanding the changing conditions which have affected marine resources, many a direct result of an increasing population, is an important part of realizing what must be done to protect them for the future.

Coastal and estuarine water quality, in places like the Chesapeake Bay and its tributary rivers, has declined due to a myriad of actions which have taken place for decades. Oil and chemical spills, sewage outfalls and run-off, pesticide and fertilizer run-off from farms, industrial pollution and dredging have adversely affected water quality. Poor water quality can impact the ability of fish to reproduce, find a steady food supply, and survive the stress of life in the dynamic marine environment. The trend of declining water quality has been reversed in many areas in recent years, but major improvement will be a long term process. In the interim, marine life must cope with water conditions which are less than optimal.

Habitat destruction has caused the loss of valuable spawning and nursery areas for many marine animals. Construction of bulkheads, fill operations, dredging and channelization, and sub-standard water quality have caused wetlands and submerged seagrass beds to disappear at alarming rates. This loss of habitat also contributes to declining water quality.

Finally, the demand for marine fishery resources has increased markedly. The numbers of recreational fishermen tripled from 1955 to 1985 and has continued to grow. Similarly, the demand for seafood increased 20% from 1984-1994 and has continued to grow. This increase in demand for fishery resources coupled with the use of increasingly sophisticated and efficient gear has put a severe strain on many fishery resources.

The result is marine fisheries which have become highly regulated, but in many cases the regulatory process cannot keep pace with the decline in fish stocks.

We must recognize the important part the recreational fishery plays in this complex fisheries management web; and, we must work to develop a personal commitment to resource conservation, while developing and adhering to a high standard of angling ethics.

1. KNOW AND ABIDE BY ALL FISHERY REGULATIONS. Bag limits and size limits are established for one purpose - to provide a level of protection for fish stocks. Remember, bag limits are limits, not goals which must be achieved every trip. In many cases we should consider holding our catches to even stricter standards than required by regulation.

 2. REPORT VIOLATIONS OF FISHERY REGULATIONS. Do not tolerate illegal and irresponsible fishing practices. Voluntary support of fishery regulations is necessary because there are too few enforcement officers to cover the huge water area in Virginia.

 3. PRACTICE CATCH AND RELEASE FISHING. Take only the fish you intend to eat, and carefully release the rest. Studies have shown that released fish have an excellent chance of surviving.

 4. KNOW HOW TO PROPERLY HANDLE FISH. Releasing fish requires more than just "throwing fish back in the water". Know the best ways to handle fish, so they will not be injured, and use the proper tools to unhook your fish. A good source of information on handling fish is the brochure "Careful Catch" published by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, (804) 780-1392 or (410) 268-8816.

 5. DISPOSE OF ALL TRASH PROPERLY. Do not throw any trash into the water, save it for disposal onshore. Fishing line and other plastic items are particularly harmful, often entangling fish and other marine life. Plastic sandwich bags look like jellyfish and are eaten by sea turtles, which often die as a result. Oil, gasoline, antifreeze and cleaning products cause pollution and can be toxic to marine life.

 6. PRACTICE SAFETY AFLOAT. Learn basic boating skills, have proper safety equipment on board, and know boating regulations.

 7. SHOW RESPECT AND COURTESY TO OTHERS. Fishing is a fun, relaxing activity, as long as respect is accorded others. Treat other fishermen the way you want to be treated; don't crowd them or create conflicts with them. Similarly, respect other people using the waters (e.g. boaters, divers) and respect property rights of people living on the water. One of the most important things anyone can have is a good reputation, and fishermen should work to cultivate a good reputation and image.

 8. SHARE THE SPORT OF FISHING WITH OTHERS. Fishing is a great way to spend time with family and friends. Share the gift of fishing with others, especially youngsters. Lead by example, practice and share all of the ethical guidelines contained in this article.

One of the biggest problems faced by many anglers is how to get big fish from the water into a boat.

Traditional angling practices call for the use of a gaff, which is a large barbless steel hook attached to a pole with a handle. The gaff is stuck into the fish and used to hoist the fish aboard.

Serious injuries are inflicted upon fish when they are gaffed. With the proliferation of size limits and creel limits on saltwater fish necessitating the release of many fish, the expanding interest in catch-and-release fishing, and the growing number of tagging programs, many anglers have abandoned the use of gaffs. In some cases, such as the landing of striped bass in Virginia, the use of gaffs is no longer legal.

Landing nets are a good alternative to gaffs in most situations. Landing nets come in a variety of sizes and can accommodate most large fish, including the often volatile cobia. In fact, large fish landed with a net usually are more docile and easier to handle than fish which have been stuck with a gaff. This reduces the chances for injuries to the fish and the angler.

Landing fish with a net is relatively easy. The fish should be led head first into the net, and the hoop should be immediately lifted clear of the water. When attempting to land a large fish, do not lift the fish into the boat using the net handle. This may result in the handle bending or breaking, causing damage to the net and loss of the fish. When the hoop is lifted clear of the water, grab the edges of the hoop and lift the fish into the boat.

Control over a large fish often can be maintained if the net is not dropped on the deck in the cockpit of the boat. Rest the fish on the deck, while continuing to hold the sides of the hoop above the floor. This continues to suspend the fish within the confines of the net, while most the weight of the fish is resting on the deck. The fish can be unhooked while in the net, then the fish can be measured and released or placed in the fish box.

Fishermen have known for centuries that fish congregate around shipwrecks and natural anomalies on the bottom of coastal waters, such as oyster rocks, exposed bed rock and coral reefs. This has resulted in attempts to artificially recreate these types of habitat in virtually every body of water in the world.

The attempt to replicate productive, natural fish habitat has led to the use of a variety of materials, from U. S. Army tanks and Christmas trees to derelict automobiles and their tires. A variety of ships and even some kitchen sinks have been sunk by enterprising reef builders. Some materials have worked well, while others seemed to disappear with the tide.

All of these efforts were attempts to create artificial reefs, which are man-made or natural materials intentionally placed upon the bottom of marine or freshwater environments to provide habitat for fish.

A great portion of the bottom in coastal waters and the Chesapeake Bay consists of soft mud or shifting sand. This relatively stark, featureless environment offers little attraction for many types of marine life. Natural and artificial reef areas provide places for a variety of marine life to live and food to eat.

The surface area, or hard substrate, of an artificial reef provides a place for encrusting organisms such as barnacles, mussels and tube worms to grow. Unable to live on soft or shifting bottom, these organisms attach themselves to hard surfaces. Most feed by filtering plankton and other small organisms from the water. Once this initial "fouling" community is established a wide variety of crustaceans, such as crabs and shrimp, and soft-bodied organisms, such as worms, appear. Then, the "food chain" continues to expand with the appearance of predators like tautog, which feed on crabs and mussels, and sea bass, which feed on crabs and shrimp.

Artificial reefs provide shelter for a variety of marine organisms. Fish and crabs seek out the nooks and crannies in artificial reefs to hide from predators. Fish use the larger interior areas of the structure to get away from wave action and currents, enabling them to expend less energy. Deflected currents and eddies carry food to fish waiting to ambush an easy meal.

Reef dwelling fish appear to prefer low profile structures with numerous cavities. Tautog and sea bass, for example, can be found inside artificial reef structures, and tautog often nestle into holes or cavities in or between structures.

Other species of fish, although not considered reef dwellers, can be found on artificial reefs. Schooling baitfish, such as anchovies, silversides, scad and menhaden, are attracted to high profile structures. These larger structures, such as shipwrecks, towers and bridges, may offer a point of orientation in an otherwise featureless environment and protection in their shadows.

Predators, possibly attracted by the abundance of food and the sense of protection afforded by reefs, are always present. Amberjack, bluefish, king mackerel, cobia, striped bass, and sharks are some of the species found around coastal and Chesapeake Bay reefs.

Virginia's current Artificial Reef Program, which is managed by the Marine Resources Commission, traces its roots back over 40 years. In the 1950's recreational fishermen spearheaded efforts resulting in the sinking of automobile bodies, tires and over 100 surplus U.S. Navy landing craft and pontoon barge sections off Virginia Beach.

The Marine Resources Commission became formally involved in reef building as the authorized recipient of six World War II Liberty ships in the early 1970's. These were scrapped and cleaned to U.S. Coast Guard and Army Corps of Engineers requirements, with great care taken to remove all oil and fuel residue. All six vessels were sunk in offshore waters to form the popular Triangle Reef off Virginia Beach and the Parramore Reef off Wachapreague.

During the 1970's and early 1980's, the Artificial Reef Program primarily used "materials of opportunity" to create artificial reefs. Concrete pipe, ships, and automobile tires were used most often. In addition to simple deployments, attempts were made to use these materials to develop structures that provided stability, durability and a maximum amount of surface area and interior space. For example, tires were split and sunk vertically into concrete bases and concrete pipe was bundled into pyramids.

Currently, the Artificial Reef Program is manufacturing all concrete structures to augument the materials of opportunity which are still in use. High profile structure is created with concrete "igloos". These structures are 7-1/2 feet in height with a base spanning over 12 feet and weigh approximately 12,000 pounds. Low profile habitat is created with concrete tetrahedrons, which have a profile of approximately 40 inches and a weight of 500 pounds. The tetrahedron shape was chosen for its low center of gravity, which makes the unit very stable.

All of the reef materials used by the Artificial Reef Program are placed upon permitted reef sites and meet rigorous state and federal environmental standards.

Loran coordinates are provided for the major structures at each reef site. It is a good idea to remember there is some variation among Loran units, so Loran coordinates seldom match exactly. A good way to locate a particular reef structure is to steer to the published Loran coordinates for the structure and drop a small buoy. Then, run a circular or grid pattern around the buoy until the structure appears on a depth sounder. A second buoy can be deployed directly over the structure, and the exact Loran coordinates should be recorded.

Yellow buoys designate the locations of all permitted reefs in the Artificial Reef Program. However, these buoys may not be stationed directly over any structure. Buoys may be stationed in the center or on the perimeter of a reef site, or within a short distance of the published Loran coordinates for structures on the reef site.

Storms, collisions and vandalism can cause the yellow buoys to be moved from their intended locations. Buoy status reports are available from the Artificial Reef Program office. If a yellow reef buoy is missing from a reef site, or appears to be improperly located, contact the Artificial Reef Program so corrective measures can be taken. The program address and phone number follow:

ARTIFICIAL REEF SITES
(Click on Name of Reef to see chart)

Angler's Reef is located approximately 2.5 nautical miles WNW of the mouth of Onancock Creek. The permitted site is rectangular with the perimeter defined by Loran lines. More than 1600 concrete tetrahedrons have been deployed on the bottom in a circular pattern around the yellow buoy marking the site.

The structures are located approximately 100 feet from the buoy in a band 200 feet wide.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 44 00/75 53 00

This reef is located approximately three nautical miles east of Plumtree Point, off the mouth of the Back River. Forty concrete igloos have been placed on the bottom in an "X" shaped pattern, the centers of the igloos 50 feet apart. The legs of the "X" run NW - SE and NE - SW. A buoy has been placed at the center of the "X". Concrete tetrahedrons have been placed along each side of the northern legs of the reef, while concrete pipe augments the southern legs.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 08 12/76 13 54

The remains of the Wolf Trap Degaussing Station (The "Cell"), which is marked by Coast Guard obstruction buoy WT2, is the major structure on this circular reef site. Concrete tetrahedrons and "tire-in-concrete" units (TICs) have been deployed in a circular pattern around a yellow artificial reef buoy stationed on the referenced Loran coordinates. The Cell Reef is located due west of the mouth of Hungars Creek on the Eastern Shore Bayside.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 24 06/76 03 25

*Top of this structure is extremely irregular and portions may be very close to the surface; boaters are advised to exercise caution.

This circular reef site is situated NNW of the mouth of Cherrystone Creek east of buoy 38A. Over 2900 TICs have been scattered around two buoyed locations, with the northern buoy marking a cluster of concrete igloos and the southern buoy marking stacks of concrete pipe. Tidal currents tend to be strong in this area.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 19 04/76 02 33

Originally referred to as the ODU Reef, this circular reef site is located 2500 yards west of the entrance to Little Creek, approximately 900 yards off the beach. The original reef site was a rectangular grid with 40 concrete igloos deployed south of the center, which is marked by a buoy. Immediately north of the center are 1000 tons of concrete bridge rubble, supplied and deployed at no cost by McLean Contracting Company. Concrete tetrahedrons have been scattered among the igloos and in the northern portion of the reef.

Latitude/Longitude: 36 56 32.5/76 12 11.5

The Gwynn Island Reef is a circular reef site located 1.35 nautical miles NE of the "Hole in the Wall". The site is buoyed in the center and features a variety of sunken structures, including 3762 tons of bridge decking supplied and deployed at no charge by McLean Contracting Company.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 28 51/76 14 19

This rectangular reef site, with its perimeter defined by Loran lines, is located approximately 5.5 nautical miles east of the Great Wicomico River Light. More than 1600 concrete tetrahedrons have been deployed on the bottom in a circular pattern around the yellow buoy marking the site. The structures are located approximately 100 feet from the buoy in a band 200 feet wide.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 48 06/76 09 06

Occohannock Reef saw initial development in early 1997. Rectangular in configuration, with its perimeter bounded by Loran lines, the site is centered approximately 4 nautical miles WNW of the mouth of Occohannock Creek. A yellow buoy will mark the center of the reef. The initial deployment consisted of 1200 concrete tetrahedrons positioned in the center portion of the reef site. For information about additional deployments of reef materials, contact The Artificial Reef Program at VMRC.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 34 21/76 00 42

A pair of Liberty Ships, the Page and Mona Isle, are the main structures on this circular reef site located 8.7 nautical miles on a bearing of 102 degrees from the Parramore Coast Guard Tower. The ships were acquired and sunk through the efforts of the Seaside Sport Fishing Improvement Association, which was the original permitee of this reef site. The Liberty Ships are located at the extreme southern end of the reef site, while TICs are scattered around the center of the site.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 32 36/75 26 18

Centered approximately .6 nautical miles WSW of the Chesapeake Light Tower, the Tower Reef was originally permitted to the Tidewater Artificial Reef Association of Virginia. TARAV was responsible for the placement of more than 100 pontoon sections and numerous landing craft and other vessels on the site. Virginia's Artificial Reef Program added two barges and four drydock sections to the reef and scattered thousands of TICs on the circular site. The Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics deployed the deck barge and the Chesapeake Corporation deployed the hopper barge at no cost to the Artificial Reef Program.

Latitude/Longitude: 36 54 04/75 43 30

Four Liberty Ships and a Coast Guard cutter are the main structures on this rectangular reef site, which is located 16.5 nautical miles on a bearing of 73 degrees from the Chesapeake Light Tower. The Tidewater Artificial Reef Association of Virginia was the original permitee of this site and was instrumental in acquiring the four Liberty Ships.

Latitude/Longitude: 36 59 00/75 21 24

This small reef was developed as an offshore test site for experimental reef structures, and no additional materials have been added to the site. The reef is located approximately 3.8 nautical miles from the Parramore Coast Guard Tower.

Latitude/Longitude: 37 34 00/75 32 00

An angler's first thought upon catching a large fish in Virginia is to wonder if it is big enough to earn a Citation from the Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament.

The Tournament, which was inaugurated in 1958 to promote and develop Virginia's abundant recreational fishing resources, is the premier state-sponsored angling awards program in the country. Over the years it has significantly enhanced the quality, quantity, and enjoyment of fishing in Virginia.

Anglers who catch fish meeting established minimum weights, or who catch and release fish meeting established criteria, are awarded handsome wall plaques, called Citations. There are no entry fees for the program and no pre-registration requirements, although recipients must possess a valid Virginia saltwater fishing license, must be fishing from a boat or pier which possesses the appropriate "blanket" saltwater fishing license, or must be exempt from licensing due to age. More than 28 different species of fish are eligible, from the diminutive spot to bruising blue marlin. An angler need only weigh his fish, or register his release, at one of over 100 designated weigh stations located primarily at marinas, tackle shops and piers throughout the state. If the fish qualifies, the angler will be mailed a Citation plaque at the end of the year. Anglers are eligible to earn one Citation plaque per species, annually.

Since its inception in 1958, the Tournament has awarded more than 110,000 Citation plaques for outstanding catches - an average of almost 3,000 per year. Bluefish have produced the most tournament awards, with more than 13,000 Citations issued during the program's rich history. Flounder have yielded over 11,000 awards, with white marlin producing over 10,000 awards (almost all for released fish).

Special recognition is given to anglers who earn Citation awards for several species of fish in a single year. Anyone winning Citation awards for 6 different species of fish in a single year, automatically qualifies as a Virginia Expert Saltwater Angler. The angler receives a certificate and a specially designed patch to mark his achievement.

The top award given each year goes to the Virginia Saltwater Angler of the Year. This is the person who earns Citation awards for the most species of fish during the year. The Tournament also recognizes the angler who catches and releases the most species of fish qualifying for release Citations with the Virginia Release Angler-of-the-Year Award. Recipients receive a special Citation award.

One of the goals of many saltwater fishermen is to become a Virginia Master Angler. This award is based upon the cumulative number of Citations an angler earns over a period of years. To qualify an angler must earn 25 Citations in a minimum of five species. Recipients receive a certificate and a specially designed patch. Additional levels of Master Angler recognition are accorded to anglers when their Citation total reaches 50, and for every ten Citations after 50. These levels are marked with a Chevron patch denoting the number of Citations earned.

The Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament maintains and certifies state records for more than 50 species of marine gamefish commonly found in Virginia waters. Special "State Record" Citations are awarded to anglers who catch fish that are certified as new records.

Registering a fish for state record recognition is not complicated, but the requirements must be strictly followed. Potential state record fish must be weighed on the scales of an official weigh station of the Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament and all aspects of the catch must conform to the rules of the Tournament. In addition, the special state record application form must be filled out in its entirety and must be accompanied by a clear, side-view photograph of the fish. Finally, the actual fish must be preserved and viewed by a member of the Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament State Record Committee. Weigh stations and anglers should contact the Tournament Director or a member of the committee as soon as possible of potential record fish. These officials will assist in the weighing and the completion of the necessary paperwork. Each weigh station has a state record folder with complete information about state record requirements and a list of all members of the State Record Committee.

One of the most popular programs operated by the Tournament is the Junior Angler Awards Program. The program seeks to encourage youngsters to enjoy saltwater fishing and develop a conservation ethic by releasing fish alive.

Open to all children under the age of sixteen, this program challenges youths to catch and release six species of saltwater fish during the year. There are no minimum sizes limits and almost all species of fish qualify.

Participation in this program is free. Successful youngsters receive a handsome certificate, suitable for framing, signed by Virginia's governor along with a patch and decal featuring the program's logo.

More information and brochures about the Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament, the State Record Program, the Junior Angler Awards and fishing opportunities and facilities in Virginia can be obtained from:

The Tournament and all of its programs are a division of the Virginia Marine Resources Commission.

Tagging fish (mark and recapture) is one of the primary methods fishery biologists use to gather information about the migration, movement and growth of fish. This type of information is essential to understanding the life history and population status of fish species, which, in turn, determines the need for management measures to protect fish. In these days of declining fish stocks, this knowledge is an important key to properly managing our marine finfish.

The Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program (VGFTP) was implemented in 1995 to provide recreational fishermen in Virginia with an opportunity to assist in these conservation and management efforts. This was achieved in several ways: 1) by having recreational fishermen assist in a quality-oriented tagging program; 2) by promoting catch-and-release fishing; 3) by educating anglers about proper fish handling and release techniques to reduce release mortality; and, 4) by fostering a conservation ethic which challenges saltwater fishermen to work for the protection of their resources.

The VGFTP is a tightly focused tagging effort. Participants are limited in number and trained in tagging and fish handling techniques. Specific species of fish are targeted, which allows the program to address specific informational gaps that exist.

Program participants are issued both large and small tags, so they may use a tag that is suited to the size of the fish. Dart tags with teflon heads are the primary tag type used by program participants, although some work is being done with "t-bar" tags.

The result is a large group of trained taggers available on short notice and on the water all year. They provide a cost effective means to run a continuous tagging effort for recreationally important fish and a mechanism to take advantage of special situations which may develop, such as an exceptionally strong spawn and recruitment by a particular species in a year. Large numbers of a species can be tagged by simply alerting the taggers to target that species, since they are already prepared for tagging.

Recreational fishermen participating in the VGFTP earn conservation certificates by tagging a minimum of 25 fish during the year. In addition, recognition is provided to the top tagger based upon the number of tag returns received during the year.

Fishermen who return tags from fish they have captured are awarded baseball caps and decals featuring the logo of the Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program.

The VGFTP is open to the public, although the number of participants is limited. At the end of each year a registration period will be established during which recreational fishermen may register to participate in the program for the following year. A maximum number of participants will be enlisted with approximately equal numbers coming from four geographic areas: 1) Eastern Shore; 2) Tidewater; 3) Peninsula; and 4) Middle Peninsula/Northern Neck. Anglers will be selected for participation on a "first-come, first served" basis.

Program participants are required to attend a workshop on tagging and fish handling techniques. This is a fundamental element to the program, which emphasizes the quality of its tagging efforts. At the workshops, tagging kits, measuring boards and complete instructions are provided to anglers.

Recreational fishermen interested in participation should contact:

The VGFTP is a cooperative effort of the Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament, a division of the Marine Resources Commission, and the Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Funding is provided by Virginia's marine recreational fishing license.

There are many tagging programs operating along the East Coast. Some of these programs utilize anglers in the tagging of fish, while others involve fisheries managers and members of the scientific community. In Virginia, both the Marine Resources Commission and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science sponsor tagging programs for specific species of fish.

The ultimate goal of these tagging programs is to learn more about the targeted species of fish, so better conservation and fisheries management programs can be developed. When on the water, be alert to the possibility that any fish you catch may possess a tag, and remember that tags come in many different sizes, shapes, styles and colors. When you catch a tagged fish contact the organization listed on the tag to report your catch.

Tagging efforts target red drum, black drum, cobia, tautog, speckled trout, gray trout, and spadefish. Participants must register with program during annual sign-up period and participate in a training session; awards conservation certificates for top taggers.

Tagging efforts target tuna, billfish, amberjack, cobia and king mackerel.

Tagging efforts target all species of sharks except smooth and spiny dogfish.

Tagging efforts target all species of billfish; works closely with National Marine Fisheries Service; developed a new billfish tag.

Tagging efforts target all marine finfish species; membership organization; data goes to National Marine Fisheries Service.

Tagging efforts target all marine finfish.

1.The most important information on a tag is the tag number. This is the key to identifying the fish. It is critical to record the exact tag number.

2. Cut off or remove the tag from the fish. Contact the office of the tagging program issuing the tag; their telephone number will appear on the tag. If you plan on releasing the fish and want to leave the tag in the fish, write down the correct tag number immediately.

3. Measure and record the total and fork length of the fish. If you do not have a measuring device, estimate the length of the fish. Also, measure or estimate the weight of the fish.

4. Record the species of fish, date of the catch, and exact location of the catch. Record any other information about the fish which might be important, for example, any wounds, unusual markings, or observations about the condition of the tag and place on the body of the fish where the tag was located.

5. Contact the office of the tagging program issuing the tag and supply them with this information. If the tag was issued by the Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program, or if you need help reporting the capture of a tagged fish, contact:

Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament
Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program
968 S. Oriole Drive
Suite 102
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
(757) 491-5160

6. When you report the recapture of a tagged fish, you will receive information about the fish (when and where it was tagged; size when it was tagged). If the tag was issued by the Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program, you will receive a cap featuring the program's logo.

Virginia has jurisdiction and control over the harvesting of marine fish, including shellfish, that occur in the tidal waters inside the State's boundaries and extending into the Atlantic Ocean three nautical miles. Under certain circumstances Virginia exercises control over fish caught beyond the State's jurisdiction if they are landed in Virginia. Authority to manage fish caught beyond 3 nautical miles out to 200 nautical miles is vested with the Federal government.

Virginia's laws concerning marine fishing are found in Title 28.2 of the Code of Virginia. Laws are made and amended by the General Assembly and become effective after signature by the Governor.

Proposed laws, or amendments to existing laws, may be introduced only by a member of the General Assembly. Similarly, ballot referendums to make or amend laws, such as the one in Florida which banned most inshore netting, must be initiated in the General Assembly. Therefore, citizens interested in creating, rescinding or amending laws relating to marine fisheries must do so through bills introduced into the General Assembly by State senators or delegates.

Once a proposal is introduced as a bill, it is assigned to a committee of the House of Delegates or the Senate. The committee may hold hearings on the bill or consider it at one of their regular meetings. These events may offer an opportunity for citizens to voice their opinions concerning the bill.

Written communication is another avenue for citizens to express their opinions about a bill. Letters, telegrams and facsimile transmissions should be addressed to a specific legislator, should reference a specific bill by its assigned number, and should be clear and concise in conveying the opinions and reasoning of the writers.

The Code of Virginia is found in most public libraries, and reprints of the portions of the Code dealing with marine resources can be obtained for a fee from the Marine Resources Commission. The number of reprints is limited and are made available on a "first come, first served" basis. A list of State senators and delegates, including their committee assignments and office numbers, can be obtained from the Division of Legislative Services.

The Marine Resources Commission manages marine fisheries within Virginia's jurisdiction, pursuant to the power granted to it by the General Assembly. This includes the power to establish licenses, prepare management plans, and adopt regulations concerning the harvest of marine fish.

Regulations have the full force and effect of law, and violations are criminal misdemeanors. The power of the Commission to adopt regulations is broad, but it may not adopt any regulation which is in conflict with statutory law.

The adoption or amending of regulations follows a precise procedure set forth in the Code of Virginia. Proposed regulations must be advertised for a minimum of 15 days, and at least one public hearing must be held prior to adoption. Advertisements are done in the daily newspapers in Richmond, Norfolk, and Newport News; often advertisements will appear in other newspapers in localities where a proposed regulation may have a significant impact.

Citizens may voice their opinions about proposed regulations in person at public hearings or by written correspondence addressed to the Commissioner of Marine Resources. Usually, a public hearing will be held at the regularly scheduled meeting of the Marine Resources Commission at which a proposed regulation is scheduled for a vote. Other public hearings may be scheduled in localities where a proposed regulation may have a significant impact. The Marine Resources Commission meets monthly, normally on the 4th Tuesday of each month at its main office in Newport News, and the meetings are open to the public.

Citizens may not directly initiate a proposed regulatory action. Citizens should communicate their proposals for regulatory action to the Commissioner of Marine Resources for possible action.

The Marine Resources Commission uses several advisory committees in the formulation and review of regulatory actions. These committees are: The Finfish Management Advisory Committee, Blue Crab Fisheries Management Advisory Committee, Clam Fisheries Management Advisory Committee, and Shellfish Fisheries Management Advisory Committee; the Recreational Fishing Advisory Board; and the Commercial Advisory Committee. A list of the membership of these committees is available from the Marine Resources Commission.

Advisory committees are composed of citizens, appointed by the Commissioner of Marine Resources, who are knowledgeable and interested in various aspects of marine fisheries. Service on one of these committees is an excellent way to become involved in the fishery management process.

Regulations are deposited with the clerks of the circuit courts of all counties and cities in Tidewater Virginia, and copies can be obtained from the Registrar of Regulations at the Division of Legislative Services or from the Marine Resources Commission.

Virginia and Maryland share fishery management authority in the Potomac River (excluding the tributaries) through the Potomac River Fisheries Commission. This Commission, which is composed of citizens from Virginia and Maryland appointed by their respective Governors, exercises complete control over marine fisheries, and its regulations have the full force and effect of law in the courts of both states.

Proposed regulations of the PRFC must be advertised in newspapers of general circulation in counties contiguous to the Potomac River in both states and sent to the clerks of court in those counties for posting. After advertising a proposed regulation, at least one public hearing must be held prior to adoption of the regulation. The PRFC holds meetings as required and announces its meetings in local newspapers. The meetings are always open to the public. Citizens may voice their opinions about proposed regulations in person at the public hearings or in writing to the Commission.

Copies of all current regulations and information about any scheduled meetings may be obtained from the Potomac River Fisheries Commission.

Many marine fish undertake extensive coastal migrations, passing through the waters of several states. Since the harvest of fish in one State can affect the conservation of the species and the harvest in other States, coordinated management of fish among all coastal states is desirable.

Interstate management of fish is accomplished through the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC). This body was created by an interstate compact which joined all of the Atlantic coast States and Pennsylvania together to develop coastwide fishery management plans. Each member State is represented by its chief marine fisheries officer, a member of its legislature, and a citizen appointed by its Governor.

The compact creating the ASMFC did not provide for the compliance or enforcement of the Commission's management initiatives. The Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act and the Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act provided for federal compliance sanctions for ASMFC management initiatives. States must comply with the management measures adopted by the ASMFC, or they will be ruled in noncompliance and subject to a federally imposed moratorium on the harvest of the species under management. Compliance involves adopting and providing for enforcement of the ASMFC management initiatives by State law or regulation.

ASMFC fishery management plans are developed through a specific process involving several committees composed of scientists, citizens and fishery managers. A management board, technical committee, plan development team, stock assessment committee, and citizen advisory committee are involved in formulating every management plan. Public input is solicited during the plan development phase and at least four public hearings are held at appropriate sites along the East Coast on every proposed plan. Citizens wishing to voice an opinion about a specific management proposal may appear in person at a public hearing or provide written comments to the ASMFC. All meetings of the ASMFC, its Inter-state Fisheries Management Board, and the management boards for all species are open to the public.

Prior to implementatio